Pohon Mengkudu

Morinda citrifolia (Java: pace, with kemudu, Kudu); cengkudu (Sunda), kodhuk (Madura), wengkudu (Bali) come Southeast Asian region, classified in the family Rubiaceae. Another name for this plant is Noni (Hawaiian language), Nono (in Tahiti), Nonu (in Tongan), ungcoikan (Myanmar language) and Ach (in Hindi),

This plant grows in the lowlands at an altitude of 1500 m. Mulberry tree height reaches 3-8 m, has a white flower head. Shiny green fruit and have spots.

Morinda is often used as ingredients in medicines.

Asal Usul

Morinda origins can not be separated in the presence of Polynesian peoples who settled in the Pacific Islands. Polynesian peoples believed came from (Southeast Asia). In the year 100 BC, the famous people who dare to mengembara.Tanpa because obviously they crossed the ocean to leave their homeland. There is the impression that the pilgrims in kecewakan by one thing and mean distance himself from his previous life. After long wandering, they arrived at around Polynesia, the islands around the South Pacific. The adventurers are instantly fell in love while viewing the beautiful scenery, beach conditions, and its islands.

Uniquely, they seemed to have prepared ourselves to move to another island. This can be evidenced by the number of plants and animals that come to carry, because it is considered essential for sustaining life. Some native plants, such as banana, taro, sweet potato, breadfruit, sugar cane, and noni, which brought it dibawanya.Di between, there's still a form of cuttings and shoots. One of the plants, namely, mulberry, considered sacred items. Since 1500 years ago the population of the islands now called Hawaii's familiar with the title noni noni. They suspect named latin Morinda citrifolia plant has many benefits. They view it as Hawaii magic plant, because the fruit is believed to cure various diseases.

Ciri Ciri Umum

Tree

Not very large mulberry tree, height between 4-6 m. twisted trunks, knaggy rigid, harsh, and has embedded in the taproot. Bark greyish-brown or yellowish-brown kuniangan, split in two shallow, not hairy, child bersegai four branches. Suklalu Tajuknya green throughout the year. Mulberry wood split easily when dried. Can be used to support black pepper.

Leaves

Leaf of the thick shiny. Noni leaf situated facing each other. Large leaf size, thickness, and single. Lancet ellipse-shaped, measuring 15-50 x 5-17 cm. flat edge of a leaf, short pointed tip. Wedge-shaped leaf base. Pinnate leaf veins. Hiaju color glossy, not hairy. Short leaf base, measuring 0.5 to 2.5 cm. leverage leaf size varies, broadly triangular. Mulberry leaves can be eaten as a vegetable. High nutritional value because it contains vitamin A.

Flowers

Morinda inflorescence type tubers rounded, 1-4 cm-handled. Flowers grow in the armpits of the leaves that leverage to deal with leaves that grow normally. The flowers androgynous. Petals white, funnel-shaped, its length can reach 1.5 cm. Stamen stuck in the mouth of the crown. Pistil head berputing two. Flowers that bloom from petals shaped like bunches. The flowers of white, fragrant.

Fruit

Petals oval round fruit grown into a chicken egg for some even in diameter from 7.5 to 10 cm. Fruit surface as divided into polygonal cells (polygon) freckled and warty. At first the fruit is green, yellowish to white before cooking. Once cooked, the white color is transparent and soft. Fruit flesh is composed of the fruits of the pyramid-shaped stone, red-brown. Once soft, the meat contains a lot of water noni fruit that smells like rotten cheese. The smell was caused by mixing between the acid and acid kaprik kaproat (compound cluster of lipid or fat molecules are very volatile, a character such as essential oil), which smelled rancid and caprylic acid which tastes awful. Presumably both these compounds are active as antibiotics.

Content of noni

* Substance nutrition: whole noni fruit is a complete nutritious meal. Nutrients the body needs, such as proteins, viamin, and important minerals, is obtaining a sufficient amount of fruits and leaves of noni. Selenium, a mineral contained in the noni is a great antioxidant. Various types of compounds contained in the noni: xeronine, plant sterois, alizarin, lycine, sosium, caprylic acid, arginine, proxeronine, antra quinines, trace elemens, phenylalanine, magnesium, etc..

* Terpenoid. This substance helps in the process of organic synthesis and recovery of body cells.
* Substance bakteri.Zat anti-active substances contained in the noni fruit juice that can kill bacteria that cause infections, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Protens morganii, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. Anti-bacterial substance that can also control bacterial pathogens (off) such as Salmonella montivideo, S. scotmuelleri, S. typhi, and Shigella dusenteriae, S. flexnerii, S. pradysenteriae, and Staphylococcus aureus.

* Scolopetin. Scolopetin compound element as a highly effective anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic.

* Anti-cancer substances. Anti-cancer substances contained in the most effective noni against abnormal cells.

* Xeronine and Proxeronine. One of the important alkaloids terdapt in noni are xeronine. Noni fruit contains very little xeronine, but many contain material of (precursor) xeronine aka proxeronine in large numbers. Proxeronine is a type of nucleic acid-colloids such as colloidal other. Xeronine absorbed by the body's cells to activate the proteins that are inactive, set the structure and form of the active cell.

Pohon Nangka

Jackfruit is a species of tree, as well as fruit. Jackfruit trees belonging to the tribe Moraceae; scientific name is Artocarpus heterophyllus. In English, known as jackfruit jackfruit.

Pemerian

Jackfruit trees are generally medium sized, up to about 20 m in height, though some reached 30 meters. Circular cylindrical stems, up to about 1 meter in diameter. Tajuknya dense and lush, broad and rounded when in the open. All parts of plant issued a thick white sap when injured.

Leaves single, scattered, 1-4 cm stem, leaf blade rather thick like leather, rigid, flat-lined, inverted ovate to oblong (lengthwise), 3.5 to 12 × 5-25 cm, with a gradually narrowed base, and the short end of a pointed or somewhat pointed. Leverage pointed ovate leaves, up to 8 cm in length, easily fall out and leave a mark similar to the ring.

Jackfruit plants settle down one (monoecious), the inflorescence appears at the armpit leaves on shoot short and specific, which grows on the trunk or parent branch. Male flowers in a hump-shaped rod or reel, 1-3 × 3-8 cm, with a clear ring at the base of fleshy excrescence, dark green, with yellow pollen and faintly fragrant when ripe. Flowers jackfruit called babal. Once past the age of cook, babal will rot (overgrown with mold) and blackened during the still on the tree, before finally falling over. Female flowers in a single hump or in pairs, cylindrical or oval, dark green.

Fruit compound (syncarp) elongated spindle-shaped, often unequal, up to 100 cm in length, on the outer side to form a short soft spines. 'The flesh of fruit', which actually is the development of the flower tent, golden yellow when ripe, sweet-smelling good is hard, fleshy, sometimes filled with fluid (nectar) is sweet. Seeds are round to oblong oval somewhat flattened, 2-4 cm long, successively closed by a thin brown seed coat such as leather, endokarp a hard whitish clay, and soft eksokarp. Seed pieces are not symmetrical.

Pemerian

Jackfruit trees are generally medium sized, up to about 20 m in height, though some reached 30 meters. Circular cylindrical stems, up to about 1 meter in diameter. Tajuknya dense and lush, broad and rounded when in the open. All parts of plant issued a thick white sap when injured.

Leaves single, scattered, 1-4 cm stem, leaf blade rather thick like leather, rigid, flat-lined, inverted ovate to oblong (lengthwise), 3.5 to 12 × 5-25 cm, with a gradually narrowed base, and the short end of a pointed or somewhat pointed. Leverage pointed ovate leaves, up to 8 cm in length, easily fall out and leave a mark similar to the ring.

Jackfruit plants settle down one (monoecious), the inflorescence appears at the armpit leaves on shoot short and specific, which grows on the trunk or parent branch. Male flowers in a hump-shaped rod or reel, 1-3 × 3-8 cm, with a clear ring at the base of fleshy excrescence, dark green, with yellow pollen and faintly fragrant when ripe. Flowers jackfruit called babal. Once past the age of cook, babal will rot (overgrown with mold) and blackened during the still on the tree, before finally falling over. Female flowers in a single hump or in pairs, cylindrical or oval, dark green.

Fruit compound (syncarp) elongated spindle-shaped, often unequal, up to 100 cm in length, on the outer side to form a short soft spines. 'The flesh of fruit', which actually is the development of the flower tent, golden yellow when ripe, sweet-smelling good is hard, fleshy, sometimes filled with fluid (nectar) is sweet. Seeds are round to oblong oval somewhat flattened, 2-4 cm long, successively closed by a thin brown seed coat such as leather, endokarp a hard whitish clay, and soft eksokarp. Seed pieces are not symmetrical.

Hasil dan kegunaan

Jackfruit primarily harvested fruit. "The flesh of fruit" is ripe is often eaten fresh, mixed in the ice, pulverized into a drink (juice), or processed into various types of local food: dodol jackfruit, jack fruit compote, jam, jackfruit, jackfruit-fried-flour, jackfruit chips, and others. Jackfruit is also used as fragrances and minumnan ice cream, made of honey-jackfruit, concentrate or flour. Jackfruit seeds, known as "concrete", can be boiled and eaten as a source of additional carbohydrates.

Young jackfruit is very popular as raw vegetables. In Sumatra, especially in the Minangkabau, known for jackfruit curry dishes. In West Java, among others, the young jackfruit cooked as a vegetable ingredient acid. In Central Java, known for a variety of dishes with basic ingredients of young jackfruit (called categories), such as ve vegetables, vegetable megana, oseng-oseng categories, and not to categories (young jackfruit vegetable). In Yogyakarta, especially the young jackfruit cooked as warm. While in Jakarta and West Java seputaran, hump male flowers (called babal or tongtolang) is often used as salad ingredients.

The leaves of jackfruit is the preferred animal feed goats, sheep and cows. Bark fibrous, it can be used as materials in the past the rope and also used as clothing material. Resin used in the mixture to trap the bird, to putty (patch) and other boats.

The wood is yellow on the terrace, good quality and easy to do. This wood is strong, durable and resistant to termites or fungal attack, and also has an interesting pattern, it's easy when the planed smooth and shiny polished with oil. Therefore, jackfruit wood is often used as household utensils, furniture, building construction, ship construction to the instrument. From the wood also produced a yellow dye for coloring the robes of Buddhist monks.

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Pohon Mangga

Mango or mango is a species of fruit, as well as a tree. Mangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of 35-40 members, and tribal Anacardiaceae. Scientific name is Mangifera indica.

Mango trees, including the structure of higher plant stem (habitus) including arboreus groups, namely higher plants that have woody stems more than 5 m. Mangoes can reach 10-40 m. high

The name of this fruit comes from the Tamil maankaay. This word in Indonesian fitted into the mango, and on the other side, the word was brought to Europe by the Portuguese and is absorbed into manga (Portuguese), Mango (English) and others. Own scientific name roughly means: "(tree) fruit, mango, come from India".

Derived from the Indian border with Burma, the mango has spread into Southeast Asia since at least 1500 years ago. The fruit is also known in various regional languages, such as pelem or Poh (Jw.).

Pemerian

A big mango tree, can reach 40 m high or more, although many mangoes pet only about 10 m or less. Mango stems erect, branched rather strong; with dense leaf canopy forms a beautiful dome-shaped, oval or elongated, with diameters up to 10 m. Bark is thick and rough with many small cracks and the scales ex petiole. Color pepagan (bark) of old usually brown or gray, dark gray to almost black.

Mango upside-rooted branching, very long until he could reach 6 m. Branch roots growing down the less, at most the root of the branch at a depth of approximately 30-60 cm.

Single leaf, with the position of dispersed, with no leverage leaves. Petiole length varies from 1.25 to 12.5 cm, enlarged at base and on the side of the existing plot. Rules where the leaves on stems are usually 3 / 8, but closer to the end, situated adjacent to that increasingly seems like a circle (roset).

Leaf blade oblong shape varies but most until Lancet, 2-10 × 8-40 cm, slightly tough skin, glossy dark green, leaves, stems melancip with wavy edges and tip meluncip, with 12-30 leaves secondary bone. Several varieties of mango leaves:

* Oval and ends like the eyes of the spear.
* Form ovate, tip pointed like spears eye.
* Form a rectangle, but a pointed tip.
* Shaped rectangular, rounded ends.

Young leaves are usually colored red, purplish or yellowish; who would later change at the upper surface becomes shiny green, while the lower surface light green. Age leaves can reach one year or more.

Flowers

Married one (monoecious), mango flower is rooted in a compound flower panicles much branched at the tip of twigs. Normally feathered wreath, but some others are bald, yellow-green, up to 40 cm in length. Compound interest is composed of main axis which has a lot of the main branch. Each main branch has many branches, namely the second branch. There is a possibility of this second flower branch has a team consisting of three flowers or have three branches. Each group of three consists of three flowers and each flower is short-stemmed flower with small leaves. The number of flowers on each compound interest can reach 1000-6000.

Flowers in a bouquet of mixed pairs, there are male and some are hermaphrodite (androgynous). Flower size approximately 6-8 mm. More male flowers than hermaphrodite flowers, and the number of hermaphrodite flowers is what determines the formation of fruit. The percentage of hermaphrodite flowers varies, depending on the variety, which is between 1.25% -77.9%, while that have a normal ovary approximately 50-10%.

Mangoes are usually short-stemmed flowers, rarely a long-stemmed, and aromatic. Bertaju petals usually 5; as well as flower crown composed of five petals, but sometimes there are 4 to 8. The color is pale yellow, while in the middle there arises line numbered 3 through 5 in the colors a bit older. The edges of the white corolla. At the time, will wither, the colors had become red petals.

Stamen number five fruits, but are fertile only one or two pieces while others are sterile. The fertile stamens are usually almost equal in length to the pistil, which is approximately 2 mm, while the shorter sterile. Pistil head reddish color and will change color to purple anthers open in time to give an opportunity to mature pollen to pollinate the stigma. Form of pollen is usually elliptical, approximately 20-35 microns.

His men would not stemmed and are in a room, and is located on a disk. Stigma stems from the edge of the ovary and the tip there is the stigma that looks simple. In an occasional flower, there are three ovary.

Fruit

Mango fruit including stone fruit group (drupa) are fleshy, with sizes and shapes are highly variable depending on kinds, ranging from round (eg mango buildings), ovate (dioscorea, Indramayu, Arumanis) to elongated oval (mango marionette) . Fruit length approximately 2.5 to 30 cm. At the end of the fruit, there is a section called the pointed beak. In the top part there is a curved section called sinuses, which continued into the abdomen.

Rather thick rind speckled gland; green, yellowish or reddish when ripe. Fruit flesh orange when ripe red, yellow or cream-colored, fibrous or not, sweet to sour with plenty of water and smelled strongly to weak. Seeds are white, elongated flattened closed endokarp thick, mengayu and fibrous. This seed consists of two pieces, there are still others who monoembrional poliembrional.

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Pohon Rambutan

Rambutan is a tropical plant belonging to the tribe lerak-lerakan or Sapindaceae, originating from the islands of Southeast Asia. The word "rambutan" comes from the fruit that have a shape resembling the skin of hair.

Rambutan numerous in tropical regions such as Africa, Cambodia, Caribbean, Central America, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka.

Pemerian Botani

Evergreen trees, like the warm tropical temperatures (average temperature 25 degrees Celsius), can reach 8m tall but usually tajuknya widened to 4m radius. Leaves pinnate compound leaves with five to nine children, an oval, with variations depending on age, position in the tree, and local races.

Rambutan growth is influenced by water availability. After a period of fruiting is complete, rambutan trees will blossom (flushing) to produce new branches and leaves. This stage is very clearly observed with a light green color of the tree because it is dominated by the young leaves. This growth will stop when water availability is limited and the rest to grow plants.

Flowering and flower

This plant produces flowers after seven years if planted from seed, but at age 2 years can already flowering when vegetatively propagated. Rambutan usually settle in two, but is androdioecious, there are male plants and plant sissy. Male plants never produce fruit.

Rambutan flowering season or affected by water availability. Dry period of three months to stop vegetative growth and stimulate flower formation. In the area of northern Sumatra, who knew no rambutan dry season can produce fruit twice a year. In other places, flowers appear usually after a dry period of three months (in Java and Kalimantan, usually in October and November).

Compound interest, arranged in a bouquet, with flowers the size of the unit 5mm in diameter or even smaller. Male flowers do not produce buds. New pansy flowering plants normally produce male flowers, then followed with interest by means of the female (pistil). Pansy flowers (hermaphrodite) have functional stamens and the ovary has two, although if fertilization occurs only one who usually grow up to mature, while others were reduced. Pollination carried out by different types of bees, but most often present is Trigona, small bees without stings the size of a fly. In many apiari, rambutan flowers are also a major source of nectar for bees pet.

Fruit

Rambutan fruit wrapped in leather that has "hair" on the outside (eksokarp). The color is green when young, then gradually yellow to red when ripe / ripe. Endokarp white, obscuring the "meat". The edible parts of fruit, "fruit", actually is coated seed or aryl, which can be attached firmly on the outer shell beans or off ("rambutan ace" / ngelotok).

Mature fruit trees with very interesting because it is usually very much rambutan fruit. If the seasonal growth, the fruit ripe in March to May, is known as "rambutan season." Time is usually in conjunction with seasonal fruits, like durian and mango.

Pohon Durian

Durian is a tropical plant that originated from Southeast Asia, as well as the name of the fruit can be eaten. The name is taken from the skin of fruit typical of the hard and sharp grooved so as to resemble thorns. The popular title is "king of all fruits" (King of Fruit), and durian fruit is controversial. Although many who love it, others sick of the smell.

Indeed, plants with a durian is not a single species but a group of plants from the genus Durio. [1] However, what is meant by durian (without any additive) is usually a Durio zibethinus. The types of other durian can be eaten and sometimes found in markets in Southeast Asia tempatan include lai (D. kutejensis), kerantungan (D. oxleyanus), durian or kekura turtle (D. graveolens), and lahung (D . dulcis). Furthermore, the description below refers to D. zibethinus.

Nama Nama Lokal

There are many local names. Most names found on Borneo, which refers to the various varieties and different species. Durian durian is known as Java (Java language, Betawi) and kadu (Sundanese). In Sumatra, known as durian and durian (Gayo language). In Sulawesi, Manado people call duriang, while the people of Toraja duliang. In eastern Ceram called rulen.

Spread

Diversity Center is a durian on Borneo island. Surrounding areas also have some durian germplasm, such as Mindanao, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, although not semelimpah Kalimlantan. Nevertheless, a major exporter of durian is Thailand, which is able to develop cultivars with high quality and good farming systems. Another place that cultivated durian with export orientation is Mindanao in the Philippines, Queensland in Australia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, India, and Sri Lanka.

In the Philippines, the center is the producer of durian in Davao region in Mindanao Island. Kadayawan Festival is an annual celebration of durian in Davao City.

Morphological descriptions of

The annual tree, evergreen (leaf shedding depending on the season) but there is a certain time to grow new leaves (or peronaan flushing period) that occurred after a period of fruitful completion. High growth can reach a height of 25-50 m depending on the species, [3] often has a buttress root circumference durian tree (the root of the board). Pepagan (bark) is reddish brown, irregularly peeling. Tajuknya shady and tenuous.

Ellipse-shaped leaves up to Lancet, 10-15 (-17) cm × 3 to 4.5 (-12.5) cm; located alternate; stemmed; stems pointed or blunt and sharp tipped ramp; side of the green light, the lower side covered with silvery scales or feathers with golden stars. [4]

Flowers (also men) came directly from the trunk (cauliflorous) or old branches at the base (proximal), clustered in the bouquet contains 30-10 florets panicle-shaped or flat skein. Flower buds rounded, about 2 cm in diameter, long-stemmed. Petal tube shape along lk. 3 cm, an additional sheath of leaf lobes split into 2-3 round eggs. The crown forms a spatula, about 2 × length of petals, numbering five strands, whitish. Stamens many, is divided into five files; head putiknya hump shape, with a hairy stem. [4] Flowers appear from dormant buds, blooms in the afternoon and lasted until a few days. Flowers close at noon. This spread the scent of fragrant flowers that come from the nectar glands at the base to attract bats as primary pollinators. [5] The study in Malaysia in the 1970s showed that pollinators are bats Eonycteris spelaea durian. Further research in 1996 showed that of other animals, like birds and honey bees Nectariniidae participate in the pollination of durian three other relatives.

Capsule type of durian fruit globular, ovate to oval, with a length up to 25 cm and a diameter of up to 20 cm. [4] the fruit skin thickness, sharply angled surface ("thorn", so called "durian", although this was not a thorn in botanical sense), yellowish green, brownish, up to grayish.

Fruit develops after fertilization and requires 4-6 months for cooking. During the cooking there is competition antarbuah in one group, so that only one or a few pieces that will reach maturity, and the rest fall. The fruit will fall itself when ripe. In general the weight of durian fruit may reach 1.5 to 5 pounds, so the durian plantation into a dangerous area during the durian season. If someone falls on the head, the durian can cause serious injury or even death.

Each fruit has five rooms (laymen call it "room"), which indicates the number of leaf pieces owned. Each room occupied by a few seeds, usually three points or more, tapering to 4 cm in length, and brownish pink gloss. Beans wrapped by arilus (coated seeds, commonly known as "flesh fruit" durian) are white to light yellow with varying thickness, but at this arilus thickness of superior cultivars can reach 3 cm. With the coated seeds in the seed trade is called ponggè. Breeding durian is directed to produce small seeds with a thick-coated seeds, because this is part of the coated seeds eaten. Some varieties produce fruit with seeds that are not growing but with thick-coated seeds (called "breadfruit").

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Pohon Kelapa

Coconut is one species of palm-arenan tribe or Arecaceae and is the sole member in the genus Cocos. These plants utilized by nearly all the human parts so it is considered as a versatile plant, especially for coastal communities. Coconut is also the name for the fruit produced by this plant.

Pemerian botani

With a single trunk tree or sometimes branched. Root fibers, thick and woody, forming tubers clustered, adaptive on the sandy lava beach. Segmented rod-segment but not too old when it appeared, typical monocot type with vascular spread (not concentric), woody. The wood used for buildings less good. Leaves are arranged in a compound, pinnate, parallel single midrib petiole short in the mother, seated on stem, leaves yellowish green color. Flowers are arranged on the circuit being protected compound by bractea; there are male flowers and female, married one, the female flowers are located at the base of the bouquet, while the male flowers in a remote part of the base. Fruit large, diameter 10 cm to 20 cm or even more, yellow, green, or brown; fruit is composed of fibers that berlignin mesokarp form, called coir, which protects the hard part endokarp (called shells) and water-resistant; endokarp protect seeds only protected by a membrane attached to the side in endokarp. Endospermium a liquid that contains many enzymes, and the solid phase settles on the wall when the fruits ripen endokarp; small embryos and newly enlarged when the fruit is ready to germinate (called kentos).

Coconut grows naturally on the beach and tree reaches a height of 30 m. He is originally from the Indian Ocean coast, but has now spread throughout the tropics. This plant can grow to a height of 1000 m above sea level, but will experience a slowdown in growth.

Pemanfaatan

With a single trunk tree or sometimes branched. Root fibers, thick and woody, forming tubers clustered, adaptive on the sandy lava beach. Segmented rod-segment but not too old when it appeared, typical monocot type with vascular spread (not concentric), woody. The wood used for buildings less good. Leaves are arranged in a compound, pinnate, parallel single midrib petiole short in the mother, seated on stem, leaves yellowish green color. Flowers are arranged on the circuit being protected compound by bractea; there are male flowers and female, married one, the female flowers are located at the base of the bouquet, while the male flowers in a remote part of the base. Fruit large, diameter 10 cm to 20 cm or even more, yellow, green, or brown; fruit is composed of fibers that berlignin mesokarp form, called coir, which protects the hard part endokarp (called shells) and water-resistant; endokarp protect seeds only protected by a membrane attached to the side in endokarp. Endospermium a liquid that contains many enzymes, and the solid phase settles on the wall when the fruits ripen endokarp; small embryos and newly enlarged when the fruit is ready to germinate (called kentos).

Coconut grows naturally on the beach and tree reaches a height of 30 m. He is originally from the Indian Ocean coast, but has now spread throughout the tropics. This plant can grow to a height of 1000 m above sea level, but will Coconut is a versatile tree for tropical communities. Almost all parts can be taken advantage of. Coconut roots inspire the discovery of building a buffer technology Chicken Claw (used for example at Soekarno-Hatta Airport) by Sedyatmo.

The crackers, called glugu people use as a timber with medium quality, and can serve as a board for the home.

The leaves are used as the roof of the house after dried. Young coconut leaves, called a coconut, used as an ingredient in the manufacture of woven or various forms of diamond jewelry is very attractive, especially by the people of Java and Bali in various ceremonies, and to form a stand-alone handicrafts (art stringing special occasions). Leaf stalk children who have been dried, is called a stick, gathered together into a broom.

Bunches of flowers, called Mayang (actually this name is common to all flowers palms), used for decorations in the ceremony of marriage with a particular symbol. Female flowers, called bluluk (Javanese), can be eaten. Sweet liquid that comes out of the flower stalk, called a (water) or sap legen (bhs. Java), can be drunk as a refresher or fermented into wine.xperience a slowdown in growth.

Coconut fruit is the most valuable part of the economy. Coir, which form part mesokarp coarse fibers, traded as a fuel, seat fillers, woven rope, doormats, as well as growing media for orchids. Shell or shell, which actually is part endokarp, used as fuel, replacement bucket, beverage containers, and raw materials are various forms of handicraft.
Coconut ice or ice degan

Endosperm of coconut fruit in the form of fluids and sediments were embedded in the wall of the shell ("flesh of coconuts") is a popular source of refreshment. Young fruit flesh is white and soft as well presented as usual coconut ice or ice-degan. This fluid contains various enzymes and toxins and neutralizing properties memilki effects freshener / tranquilizers. Some coconut mutate so that sediments are not attached to the shell wall, but mixed with liquid endosperm. This mutation is called (coconut) kopyor. The old coconut fruit flesh is white and harden. Squeezed juices and liquid is called coconut milk. These old pieces of meat can also be retrieved and dried out and become valuable trade commodity, called copra. Copra is the raw material for making coconut oil and its derivatives. The old coconut juice is usually not the subject of beverages and is a waste of copra industry. However can be used again for similar materials made into jelly, called nata de coco and a pick-me mixture.

Pohon Aren

Prospek emas si pohon Aren sebenarnya sudah diperkenalkan oleh Kanjeng Sunan Bonang, seorang waliyulloh penyebar Agama Islam di Pulau Jawa. Konon beliau waktu itu dirampok/ dibegal oleh berandal Lokajaya yang menginginkan harta dari Kanjeng Sunan Bonang.


Singkatnya menurut alkisah, beliau menunjuk pada pohon Aren dan mengatakan bahwa kalau ingin harta banyak lihatlah pohon Aren itu. Maka berandal Lokajaya itu melihat emas di pohon Aren tersebut. Buahnya laksana emas yang bergelantungan.Emas adalah lambang kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan, bahkan lambang kemewahan.

Ternyata baru awal tahun 2000-an ini para ahli bangsa Indonesia baru menyadari isyarat tersembunyi ataurahasia emas si pohon Aren. Kanjeng Sunan memang tidak menjelaskan secara jelas, namun kiranya Tuhan Yang Maha Latif mengajarkannya melalui ilmunya seorang Wali yaitu Kanjeng Sunan Bonang kepada berandal Loka Jaya.

Ternyata emas itu berasal dari Nira Aren yang keluar dari hasil sadapan tangkai bunga, baik dari tangkai bunga betina maupun tangkai bunga jantan. Pohon yang sudah maksimal pertumbuhan vegetatifnya (sekitar umur 6 tahun kalau tumbuh liar atau alami) akan mengeluarkan bunga betina sampai dengan 6,8 atau 12 tandan bnga betina. Ada juga pohon Aren yang tidak pernah mengeluarkan tandan bunga betina, namun langsung dari awal masa generatifnya hanya tandan bunga jantan saja sampai akhir.

Tandan bunga pertama muncul dari bagian paling atas pohon kemudian tandan berikutnya muncul dari ketiak pelepah daun yang berada di bawahnya. Tandan bunga selanjutnya muncul terus menerus bergantian dari atas menuju ke bawah sampai pada bekas ketiak pelepah daun terbawah.Dari seorang petani Aren yaitu Bapak Sarman di Mambunut Kabupaten Nunukan, Kalimantan Timur diketahui bahwa ternyata tandan bunga betina yang biasanya mengeluarkan buah kolang-kaling, bisa disadap air niranya.

Bahkan hasil nira dari tandan bunga betina ini hasil sadapannya mencapai 40 liter Nira setiap hari per pohon. Setiap hari dilakukan dua kali sadap, yaitu pagi sekitar jam 7.00 dan sore sekitar jam 17.00. Hasil sadapan pagi biasanya lebih banyak dari pada yang sore hari. Keluarnya nira yang paling deras terjadi pada waktu sekitar jam 03.00 s/d jam 04.00 dini hari. Dia mengilustrasikannya, bahwa seperti manusia kalau dia kedinginan keringatnya kurang tapi kencingnya yang banyak.

Kalau seandainya pohon Aren ini dikebunkan seperti sang pendatang dari Brazil, yaitu Kelapa Sawit, dengan bibit yang unggul, pemeliharaan yang intensif, pemupukan yang cukup, pengelolaan menejemen kebun yang memadai. Tentu hasilnya akan lebih baik dari pada yang sekarang ini dihasilkan dari pohon yang alami bahkan yang tumbuh liar dengan jarak yang tidak beraturan.

Dengan memakai asumsi produksi yang alami saja misalkan 10 liter nira/hari/pohon; jika 100 pohon yang disadap setiap harinya (dari populasi 250 pohon setiap hektar), maka akan diperoleh nira 1.000 liter/hari/ha. Rendemen gula merah dari nira sekitar 20-26,5 %, artinya dari 1.000 liter maka akan diperoleh sekitar 200-265 kg gula merah setiap hari. Kalau harga di tingkat petani Rp 5.000/kg, maka setiap hari pendapatan kotor petani aren dengan areal 1 hektar akan memperoleh sekitar Rp 1.000.000/hari/ha sampai dengan Rp 1.325.000/hari/ha.

Tentu pendapatan itu masih dikurangi dengan biaya tenaga sadap sebanyak 3-5 orang, tenaga pengolah gula 1-2 orang. Berarti setiap hektarnya kebun sudah menyerap tenaga kerja antara 4-7 orang, memberi pendapatan kepada petani pemilik yang demikian besar.Bukankah ini yang dimaksud dengan kemakmuran, yaitu petani dengan pendapatan tinggi, tidak ada lagi pengangguran, roda ekonomi di pedesaan akan berjalan lagi. prospek emas dari pohon Aren itu akan menjadi kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan bagi penduduk negeri, seperti isyarat sang Waliulloh Kanjeng Sunan Bonang.

Pohon Jati

Jati adalah sejenis pohon penghasil kayu bermutu tinggi. Pohon besar, berbatang lurus, dapat tumbuh mencapai tinggi 30-40 m. Berdaun besar, yang luruh di musim kemarau.



Jati dikenal dunia dengan nama teak (bahasa Inggris). Nama ini berasal dari kata thekku (തേക്ക്) dalam bahasa Malayalam, bahasa di negara bagian Kerala di India selatan. Nama ilmiah jati adalah Tectona grandis L.f.

Jati dapat tumbuh di daerah dengan curah hujan 1 500 – 2 000 mm/tahun dan suhu 27 – 36 °C baik di dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi. Tempat yang paling baik untuk pertumbuhan jati adalah tanah dengan pH 4.5 – 7 dan tidak dibanjiri dengan air. Jati memiliki daun berbentuk elips yang lebar dan dapat mencapai 30 – 60 cm saat dewasa.

Jati memiliki pertumbuhan yang lambat dengan germinasi rendah (biasanya kurang dari 50%) yang membuat proses propagasi secara alami menjadi sulit sehingga tidak cukup untuk menutupi permintaan atas kayu jati. Jati biasanya diproduksi secara konvensional dengan menggunakan biji. Akan tetapi produksi bibit dengan jumlah besar dalam waktu tertentu menjadi terbatas karena adanya lapisan luar biji yang keras. Beberapa alternatif telah dilakukan untuk mengatasi lapisan ini seperti merendam biji dalam air, memanaskan biji dengan api kecil atau pasir panas, serta menambahkan asam, basa, atau bakteri. Akan tetapi alternatif tersebut masih belum optimal untuk menghasilkan jati dalam waktu yang cepat dan jumlah yang banyak.

Umumnya, Jati yang sedang dalam proses pembibitan rentan terhadap beberapa penyakit antara lain leaf spot disease yang disebabkan oleh Phomopsis sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria sp., dan Curvularia sp., leaf rust yang disebabkan oleh Olivea tectonea, dan powdery mildew yang disebabkan oleh Uncinula tectonae.
Phomopsis sp. merupakan penginfeksi paling banyak, tercatat 95% bibit terkena infeksi pada tahun 1993-1994. Infeksi tersebut terjadi pada bibit yang berumur 2 – 8 bulan. Karakterisasi dari infeksi ini adalah adanya necrosis berwarna coklat muda pada pinggir daun yang kemudian secara bertahap menyebar ke pelepah, infeksi kemudian menyebar ke bagian atas daun, petiol, dan ujung batang yang mengakibatkan bagian daun dari batang tersebut mengalami kekeringan. Jika tidak disadari dan tidak dikontrol, infeksi dari Phomopsis sp. akan menyebar sampai ke seluruh bibit sehingga proses penanaman jati tidak bisa dilakukan.

Habitus

Pohon besar dengan batang yang bulat lurus, tinggi total mencapai 40 m. Batang bebas cabang (clear bole) dapat mencapai 18-20 m. Pada hutan-hutan alam yang tidak terkelola ada pula individu jati yang berbatang bengkok-bengkok. Sementara varian jati blimbing memiliki batang yang berlekuk atau beralur dalam; dan jati pring (Jw., bambu) nampak seolah berbuku-buku seperti bambu. Kulit batang coklat kuning keabu-abuan, terpecah-pecah dangkal dalam alur memanjang batang.

Pohon jati (Tectona grandis sp.) dapat tumbuh meraksasa selama ratusan tahun dengan ketinggian 40-45 meter dan diameter 1,8-2,4 meter. Namun, pohon jati rata-rata mencapai ketinggian 9-11 meter, dengan diameter 0,9-1,5 meter.

Pohon jati yang dianggap baik adalah pohon yang bergaris lingkar besar, berbatang lurus, dan sedikit cabangnya. Kayu jati terbaik biasanya berasal dari pohon yang berumur lebih daripada 80 tahun.

Daun umumnya besar, bulat telur terbalik, berhadapan, dengan tangkai yang sangat pendek. Daun pada anakan pohon berukuran besar, sekitar 60-70 cm × 80-100 cm; sedangkan pada pohon tua menyusut menjadi sekitar 15 × 20 cm. Berbulu halus dan mempunyai rambut kelenjar di permukaan bawahnya. Daun yang muda berwarna kemerahan dan mengeluarkan getah berwarna merah darah apabila diremas. Ranting yang muda berpenampang segi empat, dan berbonggol di buku-bukunya.

Bunga majemuk terletak dalam malai besar, 40 cm × 40 cm atau lebih besar, berisi ratusan kuntum bunga tersusun dalam anak payung menggarpu dan terletak di ujung ranting; jauh di puncak tajuk pohon. Taju mahkota 6-7 buah, keputih-putihan, 8 mm. Berumah satu.

Buah berbentuk bulat agak gepeng, 0,5 – 2,5 cm, berambut kasar dengan inti tebal, berbiji 2-4, tetapi umumnya hanya satu yang tumbuh. Buah tersungkup oleh perbesaran kelopak bunga yang melembung menyerupai balon kecil.

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Kegunaan daun sambiloto

Selama ini orang-orang sudah banyak yang menggunakan daun sambiloto untuk bahan jamu-jamuan. Dan banyak yang menjualnya mulai dari mbo’ jamu yang menjual jamu pikulan, yang mangkal, sampai jamu pabrikan yang menjual dengan kemasan modern.

Sambiloto merupakan tumbuhan khas tropis, dan bisa tumbuh dipekarangan rumah, namun sekarang sudah banyak pula orang yang menyediakan lahan khusus untuk menanam tumbuhan ini untuk kemudian diolah.

Banyak sekali manfaat dari daun sambiloto ini, diantaranya adalah untuk mengobati penyakit diabetes atau kencing manis, tifus, dan ada juga yang mengatakan daun sambiloto juga bisa untuk penyakit gatal-gatal dan mencegah kanker, mungkin karena rasa pahit yang khas dari daun ini. Namun yang sudah banyak digunakan dan diakui khasiat dari daun ini adalah untuk mencegah malaria karena itu daun ini disebut juga obat anti malaria.

Selain itu ternyata daun ini juga bermanfaat untuk menjaga daya tahan tubuh atau stamina. Mungkin karena itulah daun ini banyak digunakan untuk bahan jamu godokan.

Untuk tifus biasanya daun sambiloto ditambah dengan kunyit dan temulawak kemudian digodok dan air rebususannya diminumkan 3x sehari sampai yang menderita tifus sembuh. Sedangkan untuk diabetes lebih baik daun sambiloto itu dimakan atau dikunyah langsung dalam keadaan masih segar.

Itulah beberapa dari banyaknya manfaat dari daun sambiloto, kegunaan dari daun khas tropis ini juga sudah mulai digunakan di luar negeri selain di Indonesia seperti beberapa Negara Eropa dan Amerika, namun untuk luar negeri, Negara yang paling banyak menggunakan daun sambiloto untuk pengobatan adalah India. Namun siapa atau negera mana pemegang hak paten daun sambiloto ini belum diketahui, akan tetapi Indonesia sudah sejak dahulu menggunakan daun ini untuk bahan pembuatan jamu kesehatan yang racikan dan resepnya asli dari nenek moyang kita diwariskan secara turun temurun.

Apakah resep dan racikan jamu ini sudah di hak patenkan? Saya belum tahu. Tapi saya khawatir nasib resep jamu daun sambiloto ini sama seperti tanaman kunyit yang hak patennya diambil Jepang karena pemerintajh kita terlambat menghakpatenkan, padahal kunyit adalah salah satu tumbuhan asli Indonesia.